1. Introduction to Korean Jesa
Jesa (제사) is a traditional Korean ancestral rite
performed to honor deceased family members.
Rooted in Confucian values,
this ritual serves as an essential practice for many Korean families,
fostering respect for ancestors and maintaining family bonds.
2. History and Origins of Jesa
2.1 Confucian Influence on Jesa
Jesa originated from Confucian traditions
introduced to Korea during the Three Kingdoms period.
The ritual became widely practiced
during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897),
when Confucianism became the state ideology.
2.2 Evolution of Jesa in Korean Society
While Jesa was strictly observed in the past,
modern Korean families have adapted the practice,
with some simplifying rituals or conducting them
less frequently due to changing social dynamics.
3. Types of Jesa
3.1 Gijesa (기제사) - Annual Memorial Rite
Gijesa is held on the anniversary of an ancestor’s death.
This is the most commonly observed Jesa and
is usually performed within immediate families.
3.2 Charye (차례) - Ancestral Rites During Holidays
Charye takes place during major holidays like
Seollal (Lunar New Year) and Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving).
Families prepare a special table with
traditional foods to honor their ancestors.
3.3 Sije (시제) - Seasonal Ancestral Rites
Sije is a large-scale family gathering held
annually or every few years,
typically among extended relatives.
This tradition is more common among families
with strong Confucian heritage.
3.4 Myoje (묘제) - Graveside Memorial Rites
Myoje is performed at ancestral gravesites,
often coinciding with visits during special occasions
such as Hansik (Cold Food Festival) or Chuseok.
4. Ritual Process of Jesa
4.1 Preparation of the Jesa Table (Jesa Sang)
The Jesa table is meticulously arranged with various offerings,
including
- Rice and soup
Essential staple foods - Meat and fish
Symbolizing abundance - Fruits and vegetables
Seasonal produce representing nature’s blessings - Alcohol (makgeolli or soju)
Used for ancestral offerings
4.2 Order of the Jesa Ceremony
- Chalye (차례)
The ritual begins with deep bows to
the ancestral tablet or portrait. - Jebok (저복)
Offerings of food and drinks are presented. - Sasang (사상)
Family members take turns
pouring alcohol and making offerings. - Eumbok (음복)
After the ceremony,
the family shares the food to receive blessings.
5. Symbolism and Cultural Significance of Jesa
5.1 Filial Piety and Family Unity
Jesa reflects hyo (효, filial piety),
a core Confucian value emphasizing
respect for elders and ancestors.
It also strengthens family bonds
by bringing relatives together.
5.2 Spiritual and Religious Interpretations
Although Jesa has Confucian origins,
many Korean Buddhists and Christians
also observe the ritual,
interpreting it as a symbolic act of remembrance
rather than religious worship.
5.3 Adaptation in Modern Society
With urbanization and shifting family structures,
many Koreans have simplified or abandoned Jesa.
Some now prefer holding virtual memorials or
donating to charity in honor of their ancestors.
Jesa remains a significant part of Korean cultural heritage,
bridging past and present generations.
Despite modern adaptations,
its essence—expressing gratitude and respect for
ancestors—continues to be cherished by many Korean families.