The Traditional Ancestral Rites of Jongmyo in Korea

 

1. Introduction to Jongmyo and Ancestral Rites


Jongmyo refers to the royal ancestral shrine of the Joseon Dynasty, 

where memorial services for past kings and queens are conducted. 


These rites, known as Jongmyo Jerye

are among the most significant Confucian ceremonies in Korea 

and have been recognized by UNESCO 

as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. 


Jongmyo ancestral rites symbolize Korea’s deep respect for 

ancestors and reflect Confucian ideals of filial piety and harmony.



2. Historical Background of Jongmyo Jerye


2.1 Origins of Jongmyo


Jongmyo was established in 1395, 

during the early years of the Joseon Dynasty, 

following Confucian principles. 


The shrine has been meticulously maintained 

and expanded over centuries, 

housing the spirit tablets of Joseon kings and queens.



2.2 Confucian Influence on Ancestral Rites


Korean ancestral rites are heavily influenced 

by Confucian traditions brought from China. 


Jongmyo Jerye embodies Confucian ideals, emphasizing 

reverence for ancestors and the continuity of royal legitimacy.



2.3 Recognition as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage


In 2001, UNESCO inscribed Jongmyo Jerye and 

its accompanying music, Jongmyo Jeryeak

as Intangible Cultural Heritage due to 

their historical and cultural significance.


The Traditional Ancestral Rites of Jongmyo



3. Structure and Layout of Jongmyo Shrine


3.1 Jeongjeon (Main Hall)


Jeongjeon is the primary shrine hall 

where the royal spirit tablets are enshrined. 


It is one of the longest traditional wooden structures in the world, 

designed to create an atmosphere of solemnity and respect.



3.2 Yeongnyeongjeon (Hall of Eternal Peace)


Yeongnyeongjeon is a secondary hall 

that enshrines additional royal ancestors. 


It serves a similar function to Jeongjeon but on a smaller scale.



3.3 Ritual Pathways and Ceremonial Spaces


Jongmyo’s layout includes designated paths for kings and officials, 

ensuring strict order and adherence to ritual protocols. 


The Jeongjeon Plaza is used for performances of 

Jongmyo Jeryeak during ceremonies.



4. Jongmyo Jerye: The Royal Ancestral Rites


4.1 Overview of the Ceremony


Jongmyo Jerye is held annually on the first Sunday of May. 

The ceremony consists of offerings, music, dance, 

and ritual prayers dedicated to royal ancestors.



4.2 Key Ritual Components


  • Offering of Food and Wine

    Symbolizing respect and gratitude,

    offerings include rice, meats, and fruits.


  • Ritual Bowing (Gyesahye)

    Participants perform deep bows

    to show reverence to the royal ancestors.


  • Recitation of Prayers

    Scholars read formal texts to

    convey gratitude and request blessings.




4.3 Jongmyo Jeryeak: The Ritual Music


Jongmyo Jeryeak is the ceremonial music 

performed during the rites. 


It consists of two types.

  • Botaepyeong

    Celebrates the virtues of past kings.


  • Jeongdaeeop

    Honors military achievements.



The music is performed with traditional Korean instruments 

such as the pyeonjong (bronze bells) and 

taepyeongso (double-reed wind instrument).



4.4 Ilmu: The Ritual Dance


The Jongmyo ritual includes

a traditional Confucian dance called Ilmu

performed by dancers in a precise formation, 

symbolizing harmony and order.



5. Cultural and Social Significance


5.1 Preservation of Korean Heritage


Jongmyo Jerye continues to be 

an essential part of Korean cultural identity, 

upheld by the descendants of the Joseon royal family 

and cultural organizations.



5.2 Influence on Modern Korean Society


Though Korea has modernized, 

the values of ancestral reverence and Confucian ideals 

remain embedded in contemporary Korean society, 

seen in traditional memorial services such as Jesa.



5.3 Public Participation and Tourism


Jongmyo Jerye is open to the public, 

drawing local and international visitors 

who witness this living tradition. 


The event serves as a cultural bridge, 

connecting historical Confucian rites with modern audiences.



Jongmyo Jerye is a unique and deeply meaningful tradition 

that encapsulates Korea’s historical reverence for ancestors. 


With its rich music, dance, and ceremonial offerings, 

it remains a powerful representation of Korean heritage. 


As a UNESCO-recognized tradition, 

Jongmyo Jerye continues to be preserved and honored, 

ensuring its legacy for future generations.


By understanding and appreciating Jongmyo Jerye, 

we gain deeper insight into Korea’s Confucian past and 

the values that continue to shape its cultural identity today.