The Intricacies of Giwa, Traditional Korean Roof Tiles

 


Traditional Korean architecture

known for its elegance and harmony with nature, 

prominently features Giwa (기와)

the distinctive roof tiles that crown Hanok (한옥) structures. 


These tiles are not merely functional, 

they encapsulate centuries of cultural significance, 

craftsmanship, and aesthetic principles


This article delves into the various facets of Giwa

exploring their materials, designs, symbolic meanings, 

and the meticulous construction techniques 

that have been passed down through generations.



1. Materials and Types of Giwa


Giwa tiles are traditionally crafted from natural materials, 

reflecting Korea's deep connection to its environment.



Clay Giwa


The most prevalent type, clay Giwa

is produced by kneading and baking clay. 


This process yields durable tiles 

that effectively protect structures from the elements. 


The basic forms include


  • Amkiwa (암기와) – Flat tiles

  • Sukiwa (수키와) – Curved tiles

These two types interlock to create 

a watertight and wind-resistant roof.



Stone Giwa


In regions abundant with stone, 

such as parts of Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do

stone Giwa was occasionally used as an alternative to clay tiles. 


These were typically carved from granite or slate

providing a highly durable roofing material.



Metal Giwa


Some historical structures, particularly palaces and temples

incorporated bronze or iron tiles 

for added durability and aesthetic appeal.


However, metal tiles were expensive and thus less common.



2. Giwa Manufacturing Process


The production of Giwa tiles is a labor-intensive process 

that involves several stages



1) Clay Preparation


The finest red clay is selected and kneaded to remove impurities, 

ensuring the durability of the tiles.



2) Molding


The clay is shaped into flat (Amkiwa) and curved (Sukiwa) tiles 

using wooden or metal molds.



3) Drying


The molded tiles are air-dried for several days to remove moisture.



4) Firing in Kilns


The dried tiles are fired in a traditional kiln (가마) 

at high temperatures (around 1,000°C), 

which strengthens them and enhances weather resistance.



5) Cooling and Finishing


The tiles are slowly cooled to prevent cracking and 

are sometimes glazed for additional water resistance and aesthetics.


Traditional Korean Roof Tiles



3. Structural and Aesthetic Characteristics


Interlocking System for Stability


Giwa roofs utilize an interlocking system 

where Amkiwa tiles form the base, 

and Sukiwa tiles cover the gaps, 

ensuring rainwater drainage and wind resistance.



Elegant Curves and Eaves


The curved eaves of Korean roofs are a defining feature of Hanok


These curves create a visual lightness and 

help direct rainfall away from the structure.



Color Variations


  • Natural Red or Brown 

    The standard color of fired clay.


  • Dark Gray or Black 

    Achieved using a smoke-firing technique.


  • Green or Blue 

    Rare and typically reserved for royal palaces and temples.



4. Symbolism and Cultural Significance


Roof Tile Decorations


Many Giwa tiles feature intricate carvings and symbols,


including


  • Lotus Flowers 

    Representing purity and enlightenment


  • Dragons and Phoenixes 

    Symbolizing protection and prosperity


  • Taoist and Buddhist Symbols 

    Providing spiritual safeguarding


Hierarchical Use in Architecture


  • Common Hanok Homes 

    Used plain clay Giwa


  • Noble Residences (Yangban Houses) 

    Featured decorative eaves and colored tiles


  • Palaces and Temples 

    Used ornate and vividly colored Giwa



5. Preservation and Modern Applications


Challenges in Preservation


Many traditional Giwa roofs face deterioration 

due to weathering, pollution, and lack of artisans 

skilled in traditional tile-making.



Revival and Modern Adaptation


  • Restoration Projects 

    Efforts to preserve cultural heritage sites

    like Gyeongbokgung Palace.


  • Eco-Friendly Giwa 

    New Giwa tiles made with

    modern materials for sustainability
    .


  • Contemporary Architecture 

    Some modern Hanok-style buildings incorporate

    Giwa roofs
    for aesthetic and cultural continuity.



Giwa tiles are more than just roofing materials,

they represent the ingenuity, artistry, and philosophy 

of traditional Korean architecture. 


From structural functionality to deep cultural symbolism

these tiles continue to define the beauty of Hanok 

and inspire modern architecture. 


As restoration projects and eco-friendly innovations advance, 

Giwa remains a crucial element in 

preserving Korea’s architectural heritage.