Traditional Korean architecture,
known for its elegance and harmony with nature,
prominently features Giwa (기와),
the distinctive roof tiles that crown Hanok (한옥) structures.
These tiles are not merely functional,
they encapsulate centuries of cultural significance,
craftsmanship, and aesthetic principles.
This article delves into the various facets of Giwa,
exploring their materials, designs, symbolic meanings,
and the meticulous construction techniques
that have been passed down through generations.
1. Materials and Types of Giwa
Giwa tiles are traditionally crafted from natural materials,
reflecting Korea's deep connection to its environment.
Clay Giwa
The most prevalent type, clay Giwa,
is produced by kneading and baking clay.
This process yields durable tiles
that effectively protect structures from the elements.
The basic forms include
- Amkiwa (암기와) – Flat tiles
- Sukiwa (수키와) – Curved tiles
These two types interlock to create
a watertight and wind-resistant roof.
Stone Giwa
In regions abundant with stone,
such as parts of Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do,
stone Giwa was occasionally used as an alternative to clay tiles.
These were typically carved from granite or slate,
providing a highly durable roofing material.
Metal Giwa
Some historical structures, particularly palaces and temples,
incorporated bronze or iron tiles
for added durability and aesthetic appeal.
However, metal tiles were expensive and thus less common.
2. Giwa Manufacturing Process
The production of Giwa tiles is a labor-intensive process
that involves several stages
1) Clay Preparation
The finest red clay is selected and kneaded to remove impurities,
ensuring the durability of the tiles.
2) Molding
The clay is shaped into flat (Amkiwa) and curved (Sukiwa) tiles
using wooden or metal molds.
3) Drying
The molded tiles are air-dried for several days to remove moisture.
4) Firing in Kilns
The dried tiles are fired in a traditional kiln (가마)
at high temperatures (around 1,000°C),
which strengthens them and enhances weather resistance.
5) Cooling and Finishing
The tiles are slowly cooled to prevent cracking and
are sometimes glazed for additional water resistance and aesthetics.
3. Structural and Aesthetic Characteristics
Interlocking System for Stability
Giwa roofs utilize an interlocking system
where Amkiwa tiles form the base,
and Sukiwa tiles cover the gaps,
ensuring rainwater drainage and wind resistance.
Elegant Curves and Eaves
The curved eaves of Korean roofs are a defining feature of Hanok.
These curves create a visual lightness and
help direct rainfall away from the structure.
Color Variations
- Natural Red or Brown
The standard color of fired clay. - Dark Gray or Black
Achieved using a smoke-firing technique. - Green or Blue
Rare and typically reserved for royal palaces and temples.
4. Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Roof Tile Decorations
Many Giwa tiles feature intricate carvings and symbols,
including
- Lotus Flowers
Representing purity and enlightenment - Dragons and Phoenixes
Symbolizing protection and prosperity - Taoist and Buddhist Symbols
Providing spiritual safeguarding
Hierarchical Use in Architecture
- Common Hanok Homes
Used plain clay Giwa - Noble Residences (Yangban Houses)
Featured decorative eaves and colored tiles - Palaces and Temples
Used ornate and vividly colored Giwa
5. Preservation and Modern Applications
Challenges in Preservation
Many traditional Giwa roofs face deterioration
due to weathering, pollution, and lack of artisans
skilled in traditional tile-making.
Revival and Modern Adaptation
- Restoration Projects
Efforts to preserve cultural heritage sites
like Gyeongbokgung Palace. - Eco-Friendly Giwa
New Giwa tiles made with
modern materials for sustainability. - Contemporary Architecture
Some modern Hanok-style buildings incorporate
Giwa roofs for aesthetic and cultural continuity.
Giwa tiles are more than just roofing materials,
they represent the ingenuity, artistry, and philosophy
of traditional Korean architecture.
From structural functionality to deep cultural symbolism,
these tiles continue to define the beauty of Hanok
and inspire modern architecture.
As restoration projects and eco-friendly innovations advance,
Giwa remains a crucial element in
preserving Korea’s architectural heritage.